The second most common cancer in men

The disease is more common in men of African descent, and those aged over 60. Only one in 20 cases occur in the under 60s.

The causes of prostate cancer are unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are suspected.

Treatments available include surgery and radiotherapy, for very early prostate cancer, and hormone manipulation for more advanced cancer. Cancer of the prostate can be controlled fairly effectively, often for several years, even when it has spread. In the UK in 2000, 9,280 men died from prostate cancer, accounting for 12 per cent of the male cancer deaths in that year.

What is it?

The prostate gland is about the size of a walnut and is located below the bladder, between the pubic bone and the rectum.

It surrounds the urethra, the tube which carries urine, and secretes fluid carried in semen which nourishes sperm.

Prostate cancer causes tumours to grow on the gland. The enlarged gland can press on the urethra, causing problems passing urine. The cancer can spread to other parts of the body.

Symptoms

Difficulty or pain when passing urine.

Intermittent or weak urine flow.

Wanting to urinate more often.

Painful ejaculation

Frequently having to get up at night to pass urine.

Causes

Causes are vague, but there may be hereditary factors. Poor diet may also be to blame.

Prevention

Eat a healthy diet and cut down on red meat, animal fats and dairy produce.

Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables.

Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly.

Treatment

In contrast to many cancers, prostate cancer can be treated even when it has spread.

Radiotherapy or surgery can be carried out if the cancer is localised.

If the cancer is advanced, hormonal therapy may be offered to reduce levels of testosterone, which feeds the growth of the cancer.

Help and advice

Call the confidential Prostate Cancer Charity helpline on 0845 300 8383 or go to: www.prostate- cancer.org.uk or www.prostatecanceruk.org